Travlu a Londru/London

Londru/London. Sont travlir Arne y Jana a Londru/London in Dezembru 2009 a zelebrir juri/dagi sankti d'Nolu in capitalu anglus. Z sont residir in hotelu Grosvenor Kensington (qv'est erektirdt in stylu/stilu altu d') in distriktu Kensington. Dar un marktu d'Nolu in stylu/stilu germanus in parku d'Hyde (Hyde park) qv'est situir/lokir in cornu d'parku d'Hyde. Sont visitir Arne y Jana t'tur d'Londru/London (the tower), t'pontu d'tur (the tower bridge) y t'rinki d'isu (ice rinks) in Kensington y in Westminster, t'abtu d'Westminster (Westminster abbey), t'Tate galeru (Tate Gallery)...in paralelu, multi restoranti eksklusivi, i.e. u "Thai Square" in Kensington. Am Sabatu z sont gir a (departmentu) storu Harrod's a tradir multi presenti y tingi y un cup d'gelatu con di espresi.

EU DIKZONARU - EN DICTIONARY
Rivu Tamesu
marktu d'nolu
nativitu
feliz navidad
feliksu navidadu

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Estud parlir Eulingu? - Anonzu sur www.hartaeuropa.com

Gramatiku: I artikli novi "u" y "i"

Portugalu. Aft investigazonu d'lingu Portugus, sont replazir termi "u" (sgl) y "i" (pl) t'artikli definiti "nu" y "ni" in Eulingu ("rulu portugus"). Est usir Portugus i artikli "a" y "o" a deskribir t'genru d'vordu...danku, Portugalu!

Portugus

PT o cantor, a cantora

EU u cantoro, u cantora

EN the singer (male), the singer (female)

DE der Sänger, die Sängerin

Europu

PT a Europa, um europeu

EU Europu, un Europus

EN Europe, a European

DE Europa, ein Europäer

Eksampli petiti con "gan"

EU Un ganu - U ganu - I gani

€ Un ganu - Nu ganu – Ni gani

EN A garden - The garden - The gardens

DE Ein Garten - Der Garten - Die Gärten

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Gramatiku: VSO vs SVO

€ Sont usir Max y Felix t'automobilu qv'est plazirdt in garagu

~ sont u-sir maks i fe-liks t au-to-mo-bi-lu kvest pla-zirdt in ga-ra-gu

DE Max und Felix benutzen das Auto, das in der Garage steht/parkt

EN Max and Felix use the automobile which is parked in the garage

Gramatiku: VSO vs SVO

Est usir Eulingu t'SVO y VSO, in paralelu, un eksamplu petitu:

Auxiliary Verb - Verb - Substantivu - Objektu

Sont - usir - Max y Felix - t'automobilu

"Substantivu" - Auxiliary Verb - Verb - Objektu

qv'... - est - plazirdt - in garagu

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Zamenhof sur Google

150 ani d'Zamenhof qv'est inventoro d'lingu artus Esperantu

Wikipedia. Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof (pronounced /ˈzɑːmɨnhɒf/ in English; born Eliezer Levi Samenhof, December 15, 1859 – April 14, 1917) was an ophthalmologist, philologist, and the inventor of Esperanto, a constructed language designed for international communication.

Cultural background
Zamenhof was born on December 15, 1859 in the town of Białystok in Poland (then part of the Russian Empire). He considered his native language to be his father's Russian (or perhaps Belarusian, which was not considered distinct from Russian at the time and which appears to have had a strong influence on Esperanto phonology), but also spoke his mother's Yiddish natively; as he grew older, he spoke more Polish, and that became the native language of his children. His father was a teacher of German, and he also spoke that language fluently, though not as comfortably as Yiddish. Later he learned French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and English, and had an interest in Italian, Spanish and Lithuanian.

In addition to the Yiddish-speaking Jewish majority, the population of Białystok was made up of three other ethnic groups: Poles, Germans, and Belarusians. Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels between these groups. He supposed that the main reason for the hate and prejudice lay in mutual misunderstanding, caused by the lack of one common language that would play the role of a neutral communication tool between people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds.

Work for an international language
As a student at secondary school in Warsaw, Zamenhof made attempts to create some kind of international language with a grammar that was very rich, but also very complex. When he later studied English, he decided that the international language must have a simpler grammar. Apart from his parents' native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish, his lingustics attempts were also aided by his mastering of German, a good passive understanding of Latin, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian.

By 1878, his project Lingwe uniwersala was almost finished. However, Zamenhof was too young then to publish his work. Soon after graduation from school he began to study medicine, first in Moscow, and later in Warsaw. In 1885, Zamenhof graduated from a university and began his practice as a doctor in Veisiejai and since 1886 as an ophthalmologist in Płock and Vienna. While healing people there he continued to work on his project of the international language.

For two years he tried to raise funds to publish a booklet describing the language until he received the financial help from his future wife's father. In 1887, the book titled as "Lingvo internacia. Antaŭparolo kaj plena lernolibro" (International Language. Foreword And Complete Textbook) was published under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto," or "Doctor Hopeful," from which the name of the language derives. For Zamenhof this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way of promoting the peaceful coexistence of different people and cultures.

Intervistu con Arne Duering, editoro d'magazinu novu Jurnalu d'Europu (JE)

Est Arne Duering nu editoro d'magazinu novu Jurnalu d'Europu (JE). In presentu, estos habitir in Dublin/Iru.

Qvas Eulingu?

Arne: "Est Eulingu un produktu y resultu d'multi eksperimenti con lingi diferenti. Dar lingu d'artu Duirún as un lingu unastu in 1982 qv'est eqvipirdt con gramatiku y vokabularu y vordi novi. In presentu, est conzipirdt Eulingu as un lingu qv'est asistir populi d'Europu a comunizir. Est Eulingu un lingu d'artu por Europu qv'est parlirdt sus populi d’Europu. Est derivir Eulingu ab lingi separati d'Europu y ab multi lingi artis, i.e. Esperanto, Interlingua y Lingua Eurana. Est desiru d'Eulingu, as lingu d'artu Esperanto, a creir un atmosferu d'unitu y akzeptanzu. Est vitalu por Eulingu a comunizir con multi categori relevanti d'populi d'Europu."

Est strukturu in Eulingu?

Arne: "In presentu, n'est strukturu direktu in Eulingu as est Eulingu un OSAL qv'est developirdt d'populi d'Europu. Paralelu, est fungir Skolu d'Eulingu as un corpu d'Akademu d'Eulingu (ADE) con funkzonu a supervisir y a developir un "strukturu uniku" por Eulingu."

Qvas OSAL?

Arne: "Est OSAL un abreviazonu d'Open Source Artificial Language qv'est permitir populi d'Europu a contribuir por developmentu d'lingu."

Qvas estud pensir sur lingu d'artu Esperanto?
Arne: "Un qveszonu delikatu! Est Esperanto un eksperimentu d'lingu d'artu d'Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof in anu 1887, qvan vesos publizir t'libru "Unua Libro" con pseudonymu Doktoro Esperanto. Habam multu respektu por Zamenhof y Esperanto as un eksperimentu a unir lingi y humani d'mundu."

Qv'est autoru favoritu d'Arne Duering y qvel est/sont libru/-i favoritu/-i?
Arne: "Estam pensir, est skriboro y linguisto italus Umberto Eco nu favoritu d'Arne Duering. Estam amir 2 libri d'Eco, in partikularu, "The Search for the Perfect Language" y "Foucault's Pendulum" (in Anglus).

To be continued shortly...

Por mori informazoni sur Eulingu contaktir: mrkunlovevn@gmail.com, danku!

© 2009 Skolu d'Eulingu

Lekzonu: Ni sufiksi "-ir" y "-or"

In presentu estam diskutir nu diferenzu d'sufiksi "-ir" y "-or". Est deskribir sufiksu "-ir" un strukturu d'verbu, i.e. a skribir - "to write". In contrastu, est deskribir sufiksu "-or" un strukturu d'personu, i.e. un skribor - "a writer".

Multi eksampli
Est skribir un skribor t'skriptu
Est conzepir un conzeptor un conzeptu
Est construir un construktor t'construkzonu
Est informir un informator con informazoni
Est definir un definator t'definizonu
Sont comprendir tri comprendori t'comprezonu

EU DIKZONARU - EN DICTIONARY
in presentu - now, here, today
estam diskutir - I discuss
diferenzu - difference
sufiksu - suffix
a deskribir - to describe
strukturu d'verbu - verb structure
a skribir - to write
in contrastu - in contrast
strukturu d'personu - person structure
un skribor - a writer
a conzepir - to conceive
a construir - to construct
a informir - to inform
a definir - to define
sont comprendir - (are) understand(ing) (pl)

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Akademu d'Eulingu (ADE)

Est Akademu d'Eulingu (ADE) nu corporazonu por promozonu y por distribuzonu d'lingu novu Eulingu in Europu. Est Skolu d'Eulingu un partu d'ADE con funkzonu a supervisir developmentu d'lingu y a creir un "strukturu uniku d'lingu" qv'est fungir as Eulingu formalu.

© Akademu d'Eulingu (ADE)

Eulingu - The "U"-lingu?

Est basirdt Eulingu sur multi lingi, i.e. Anglus, Italus, Franzus, Germanus, Espanus, Latinus, lingi d'Skandinavu y lingi slavis. Paralelu, est derivir Eulingu ab lingi d'artu qv'sont Esperanto, Lingua Eurana y Interlingua. As resultu, hab Eulingu un vokabularu grandu y un gramatiku simplu, i.e. nu "-u rulu".

Qvas storu d'rulu?
Por tidu longu, Eulingu had nu finu "-ú" qv'est prendirdt ab lingi artis "Europún/Iorpún". In ordu a makir Eulingu un lingu uniku con un identitu uniku y un "comprenzonu" uniku, v choisir "-u" as un symbolu por Eulingu. Est representir "-u" multi fini in otri lingi, i.e. "-ie" in Germanus y Franzus, "-y" in Anglus, "-ia" in Italus y Espanus.

Un eksamplu petitu
EU Demokrazu
DE Demokratie
EN Democracy
FR Démocratie
IT Democrazia
ES Democracia

Pluralu "-i"
In ordu a presentir pluralu in substantivu, u substituir "-u" con sufiksu "-i", i.e. lingu/lingi, artu/arti, storu/stori. Paralelu, u aplikir rulu eqvivalentu por fini "-us" in adjektivu, i.e. europus/europis, artus/artis, symbolus/symbolis.

EU DIKZONARU - EN DICTIONARY
est basirdt sur - (is) based on
multi lingi - many languages
Anglus, Italus, Franzus - English, Italian, French
lingi d'Skandinavu - languages of Scandinavia
lingi slavis - slavic languages
paralelu - as well
est derivir ab - derives from
qv'sont - which are
as resultu - as a result
hab - has/have
un vokabularu grandu y un gramatiku simplu - a huge vocabulary and an easy grammar
nu rul(u) - rule
Qvas storu d'...? - What is the strory with...?
por tidu longu - for a long time
had - had (past of "hab")
finu - end
qv'est prendirdt ab - which is borrowed from
lingu artus "Europún/Iorpún" - artificial language "Europún/Iorpún"
in ordu - in order
a makir - to make
lingu uniku - unique language
con - with
identitu - identity
"comprenzonu" - comprehension
v choisir - we choose
as - as
symbolu por Eulingu - symbol for Eulingu
est representir - (is) represent(ing)
in otri lingi - in other languages
eksamplu petitu - little example
pluralu - plural
substantivu - substantive
in ordu a presentir pluralu - in order to present the plural
u substituir - you replace, substitute
sufiksu - suffix
u aplikir - you apply
rulu eqvivalentu - similar rule
adjektivu - adjektive
europus/europis - European (s/pl)
symbolus/symbolis - symbolic (s/pl)

Your feedback
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Un flagu uniku por un Europu uniku

Sont colori blu, oru y blanku ni colori por Europu y flagu d'Europu. Est representir blanku t'partu d'flagu qv'est okupirdt con colori, logi y pikturi individuali d'populi europis in ordu a makir flagu uniku.

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Est promotir Arne lingu novu Eulingu

For some time (>25yrs) I have been working on the creation of artificial languages which now resulted in the development of a European auxiliary language called Eulingu. Eulingu is an Open Source Artificial Language project which means that interested people are invited to work on it. Eulingu is based (hopefully) on all European languages (including artificial languages such as Esperanto, Lingua Eurana, Interlingua etc) in a way that Europeans feel comfortable with it and eager to accept it in their conversation. Join the movement! :-)

Fontu: HubPages

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Un mapu d'Europu

Lekzonu: Colori

Est coelu blu, est grasu grun, est papyru blanku, est svinu pinku, est vinu rosu, est erdu brun, est noktu blaku, est lipu roju, est qvaesu orangu...y amplu ambru?

The issue

While it seems much easier to find terms in Eulingu for blue, green, white, pink, rose, brown, black, red and orange, we definitely struggle with a simple form for "yellow"...should it be "gelb", yelb", gulb", "yulb" etc...? After consulting www.leo.org we settled on "ambru" or "ambri" in plural.

Your feedback

What do you think about this post? Do you find it interesting and uselful? Would you change anything? Did we miss something? Eulingu is an Open Source Artificial Language (OSAL) and therefore we need your input! Please "comment" or send an email to mrkunlovevn@gmail.com (which is very much appreciated).

© 2009 Skolu d'Eulingu

The Dnghu Group: Goal for Europaio

A Grammar of Modern Indo-European, Second Edition: Language and Culture, Writing System and Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Texts and Dictionary (Paperback)

~ Carlos Quiles (Author), Fernando López-Menchero (Contributor)

The origin

Modern Indo-European is an international auxiliary language based on the late Proto-Indo-European language, presented by two students at Extremadura University, Carlos Quiles and María Teresa Batalla, in 2006.

The purpose

The European language project's main aim is to obtain a common, modern and usable international auxiliary language for the European Union. The project aims to reconstruct the late Proto Indo-European language, as Hebrew was revived a century ago. The Dnghu Group stated goal for Europaio is, "to substitute present-day linguae francae from third parties within the EU for a single, natural and common National Language." The Europaio project therefore to promote a neutral language to all current and future EU members as an alternative to the common usage of one member's language such as English.

The revival project began with the foundation of the Dnghu Group in Extremadura in 2005, and the publication of Europaio: A Brief Grammar of the European Language (2006). The project was awarded a prize in a regional Government and University Innovative Entrepreneurship Competition in May 2006.

The book

A Grammar of Modern Indo-European, Second Edition, is a complete reference guide to a modern, revived Indo-European language. It contains a comprehensive description of Proto-Indo-European grammar and offers an analysis of the complexities of the prehistoric language and its reconstruction. Written in a fresh and accessible style, this book focuses on the real patterns of use in a modern Europe's Indo-European language. The book is well organized and is filled with full, clear explanations of areas of confusion and difficulty. It also includes an extensive bilingual dictionary, etymological notes, and numbered paragraphs designed to provide readers easy access to the information they require. An essential reference source for the learner and user of Indo-European, this book will be the standard work for years to come.

Buy a Printed Copy for 19.99$ (≈14€ / ≈13£)

ISBN/EAN13: 1448682061 / 9781448682065

Version printed: 4.15 (16 Oct 2009)

Page Count: 828

Binding Type: US Trade Paper

Trim Size: 7" x 10"

Language: English

Color: Black and White

A Dangerous Language?

By Gunnar Gällmo

Can a language be dangerous?

Some think it can.

We see some of them just now, in North America among the most rabiate Obama-haters; those who are so far out at the extreme right-wing that they think George Soros is a leftist (which he definitively isn't when seen from a European perspective).

The say Soros has bought the Democratic party, and the soul of Obama, and since Soros' father was an active Esperantist (and the name "Soros" may be interpreted as an Esperanto word, meaning "will soar"), this is something that is held against him.

(Actually, Mr. Soros' links to Esperanto seem to be very weak nowadays; as far as I know, he hasn't given a single kopek to any Esperanto project.)

These Obama- and Soros-haters are not the first to see Esperanto as an abomination and a threat to humanity, or at least to their own power and ambitions.

Two of their most famous predecessors were Hitler and Stalin.

I have read a book about this: La danĝera lingvo ("The Dangerous Language"), written by Ulrich Lins in Esperanto and first published in 1973 by Omnibus, Kyoto, Japan; an extended version was published in 1988 by Bleicher in Germany, and still another in 1990 by Progreso in Moscow (where it finally was possible to publish this kind of books).

I don't know if there is an English translation in existence, or in planning, but the book has been translated into Japanese, German, Italian, Russian, and Lithuanian.

(Sometimes I am feeling sorry for you native Anglophones. The English language has a great original literature, but in the field of translations some less used languages are actually better off. That's a good reason for even you to study languages.)

The main departments of the book are:

1. Suspicions Towards a New Language (about the first decades of the Esperanto movement, e. g. the French battle against Esperanto in the League of Nations)

2. "Language of Jews and Communists" (about Nazi Germany and its occupied countries)

3. Persecutions in East Asia

4. "Language of Petite Bourgeoisie and Cosmopolitans" (about the Soviet Union, especially during the Stalin era)

After Stalin's death, I may add...por mori informazoni lir HubPages

Comparative method

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages. It requires the use of two or more languages. It is opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which studies the internal development of a single language over time. Ordinarily both methods are used together. They constitute a powerful means to reconstruct prehistoric phases of languages, to fill in gaps in the historical record of a language, to study the development of phonological, morphological, and other linguistic systems, and to confirm or refute hypothesized relationships between languages.

The comparative method was gradually developed during the course of the 19th century. The key contributions were made by the Danish scholars Rasmus Rask and Karl Verner and the German scholar Jacob Grimm. The first linguist to offer reconstructed forms from a proto-language was August Schleicher, in his Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, originally published in 1861.

Contrary to what is often assumed today, Schleicher and the other comparative linguists of the 19th century did not view the comparative method as a means to establish the validity of the language families they studied, which they considered to be already established through an interlocking web of lexical and morphological similarities. Characteristic is Schleicher’s explanation of why he took the then-radical step of offering reconstructed forms:

In the present work an attempt is made to set forth the inferred Indo-European original language side by side with its really existent derived languages. Besides the advantages offered by such a plan, in setting immediately before the eyes of the student the final results of the investigation in a more concrete form, and thereby rendering easier his insight into the nature of particular Indo-European languages, there is, I think, another of no less importance gained by it, namely that it shows the baselessness of the assumption that the non-Indian Indo-European languages were derived from Old-Indian (Sanskrit).

During the first half of the 20th century, the conviction gradually took hold that reconstructions arrived at through the comparative method were the only valid means to establish genetic (i.e. genealogical) relationship between languages. This has since remained the prevailing view among historical linguists. It is contested only by followers of Joseph Greenberg.

Although the following article deals only with the role of the comparative method in demonstrating genetic relationship, it is important to realize that this is only one application of the comparative method, which has rightly been described as the central tool of historical linguistics. For example, André Martinet uses the comparative method in his influential Economie des changements phonétiques (2005/1955) to study the evolution of sound systems over time and, via this, to develop generalizations about the nature of sound systems as synchronic entities.

Nativization

Nativization is the process whereby a language gains native speakers. This happens necessarily where a second language used by adult parents becomes the native language of their children. Nativization has been of particular interest to linguists, and to creolists more specifically, where the second language concerned is a pidgin.

Several explanations of creole genesis have relied on prior nativization of a pidgin as a stage in achieving creoleness. This is true for Hall's (1966) notion of the pidgin-creole life cycle as well as Bickerton's language bioprogram theory.

Examples of creole genesis that can be attributed undisputedly to the children-nativizing factor are few. The Tok Pisin language reported by Sankoff & Laberge (1972) is one such language where such a conclusion could be reached by scientific observation. Children of Gastarbeiter pidgin German speaking parents acquiring seamlessly German without creolization, another case of observable nativization, is an obvious counterexample. Broad treatments of creolization phenomena such as Arends et al. (1995) acknowledge now as a matter of standard that the pidgin-nativization scheme is only one of many possible explanations with possible theoretical validity...

Lingua Ignota

A Lingua Ignota (Latin for "unknown language") was described by the 12th century abbess of Rupertsberg, Hildegard of Bingen, who apparently used it for mystical purposes. To write it, she used an alphabet of 23 letters, the litterae ignotae.

She partially described the language in a work titled Lingua Ignota per simplicem hominem Hildegardem prolata, which survived in two manuscripts, both dating to ca. 1200, the Wiesbaden Codex and a Berlin MS. The text is a glossary of 1011 words in Lingua Ignota, with glosses mostly in Latin, sometimes in German; the words appear to be a priori coinages, mostly nouns with a few adjectives. Grammatically it appears to be a partial relexification of Latin, that is, a language formed by substituting new vocabulary into an existing grammar.

The purpose of Lingua Ignota is unknown; nor do we know who besides its creator was familiar with it. In the 19th century some believed that Hildegard intended her language to be an ideal, universal language. However, nowadays it is generally assumed that Lingua Ignota was devised as a secret language; like Hildegard's "unheard music", it would have come to her by divine inspiration. Inasmuch as the language was constructed by Hildegard, it may be considered one of the earliest known constructed languages.

In a letter to Hildegard, her friend and provost Wolmarus, fearing that Hildegard would soon die, asks ubi tunc vox inauditae melodiae? et vox inauditae linguae? (Descemet, p. 346; "where, then, the voice of the unheard melody? And the voice of the unheard language?"), suggesting that the existence of Hildegard's language was known, but there were no initiates that would have preserved its knowledge after her death.

The glossary

The glossary is in a hierarchical order, first giving terms for God and angels, followed by terms for human beings and terms for family relationships, followed by terms for body-parts, illnesses, religious and worldly ranks, craftsmen, days, months, clothing, household implements, plants, and a few birds and insects. Terms for mammals are lacking (except for the bat, Ualueria, listed among birds, and the gryphon, Argumzio, a half-mammal, also listed among the birds).

The first 30 entries are (after Roth 1880):

* Aigonz: deus (God)

* Aieganz: angelus (angel)

* Zuuenz: sanctus (saint)

* Liuionz salvator (saviour)

* Diueliz: diabolus (devil)

* Ispariz: spiritus

* Inimois: homo (human being)

* Jur: vir (man)

* Vanix: femina (woman)

* Peuearrez: patriarcha

* Korzinthio: propheta

* Falschin: vates

* Sonziz: apostolus

* Linschiol: martir

* Zanziuer: confessor

* Vrizoil: virgo (virgin)

* Jugiza: vidua (widow)

* Pangizo: penitens

* Kulzphazur: attavus (great-great-great-grandfather)

* Phazur: avus (grandfather)

* Peueriz: pater (father)

* Maiz: maler (sic, for mater, mother)

* Hilzpeueriz: nutricus (stepfather)

* Nilzmaiz: noverca (stepmother)

* Scirizin: filius (son)

* Hilzscifriz: privignus (stepson)

* Limzkil: infans (infant)

* Zains: puer (boy)

* Zunzial: iuvenis (youth)

* Bischiniz adolescens (adolescent)

Nominal composition may be observed in peueriz "father" : hilz-peueriz "stepfather", maiz "mother" : nilz-maiz "stepmother" , and scirizin "son" : hilz-scifriz "stepson", as well as phazur : kulz-phazur. Suffixal derivation in peueriz "father", peuearrez "patriarch".

Por mori informazoni visir Wikipedia.org

Land of Invented Languages

By Gunnar Gällmo

I recently read a book published earlier this year: In the Land of Invented Languages, by Arika Okrent (Spiegel & Grau, New York 2009).

In general, there seems to be two main attitudes to "artificial" languages, like Esperanto: the extremely enthusiastic, and the extremely sceptical.

(I put "artificial" within inverted commas, because all human languages are artificial, especially their written forms. Writing and books are no natural phenomena, and spelling norms are often decided by political bodies; that may be the reason why English has at least two: the British and the US:ian. The term currently most used by those who know is "planned languages".)

Some are deeply engaged in one of these languages, believe it will save the world, and that everything created in it is just wonderful.

Others are not, don't think they have any value at all, and believe that a planned language can't be a living one.

Neither attitude is quite in accordance with facts. Still, many professional linguists belong to the second school, without having actually explored the matter.

A funny thing with Esperanto is that anyone can have a very strong opinion about it, whether he knows anything about it or not. Linguists wouldn't do so with Latin, Sanskrit, or Spanish, but many of them don't hesitate to do it with Esperanto.

Okrent, however, is a professional linguist who has managed to practice a more scholarly attitude and find some kind of golden means. She is not an active member of the Esperanto movement, or of any similar movement around some other planned language, but she takes the matter seriously, and she has cared to do some field study before making her conclusions. She has taken a good look at several planned languages, and has visited conventions of both Esperanto and Klingon speakers.

This makes her rare indeed.

Okrent started out with the prejudiced idea that planned languages can’t be living tongues, but her experiences taught her better.

The field of "invented" languages, as Okrent prefers to call them, is vast indeed; even if discarding languages like Pali and Jaina Prakrit (standardised and possibly more or less planned Middle Indian languages used for the oldest canons of Buddhism and Jainism, respectively), the history of planned languages goes at least as far back as Hildegard of Bingen, a German abbess living 1098-1179. She left, among her papers, a glossary of about a thousand words in something she called Lingua Ignota, "Unknown Language", with translations into Latin and sometimes into German. No one has the slightest idea why she made it, and how she intended to use it...

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